╨╧рб▒с>■  ╨╥■   ╬╧                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ье┴s ┐уЮjbjb└ └ %jкkкkуЪ      ]ЦЦЦЦЦЦЦ &┤╦ъццццццццИКККККК,╡Їйz╢Цццццц╢ЄЦЦцццЄЄЄцrЦцЦцИк╕b╕ЦЦЦЦцИЄЦЄИЦЦИ┌ Mp╗XЪИ Epilogue On a nostalgic journey back to my wartime days, I visited the airfields of East Anglia. Stradishall remains, as one of H.M. prisons, surrounded by miles of wire fencing. Chedburgh shows a vestige of its former status, and Geoff Parnell and I were entertained by Mr. John Skafe, BSc, Production and Projects Manager of J.W. Chafer Ltd, the present owners. The main gate and control tower are still discernible, as are several flight buildings, but what impressed us most was the firm's conference room which, with some adjoining units, were originally used for crew briefing. Chafer's people have preserved these as much as possible in their original state. On the walls are photos, maps, etc., showing the station's history. It was good to see an industrial firm still taking an interest in the preservation of Britain's wartime heritage. As we were shown around Geoff recalled when he was nicked by the local bobby for riding without lights, and the ensuing argument as to whether he was in the confines of the camp, out of civil police jurisdiction, or on the public highway. At the end of this story our companion, an employee of the firm, burst into laughter for, as he explained, that bobby was his father! Oulton has reverted to its agricultural background, although the control tower still remained, as did several other buildings. The hamlet of Oulton Street is unchanged and the town of Aylsham likewise has changed little over the years. The pubs and other landmarks appeared unaltered, and it seemed in some respects like stepping back into the past; the most refreshing part of my journey. The only thing missing was the sound of B-17 engines taking off from the neighbouring drome. Blickling Hall still stands in its splendour, the driveway flanked by a magnificent hedge. This is now a National Trust property, open to the public during the summer months. Opposite, the Buckinghamshire Arms still serves refreshing beverages and food, and, if you mention to the landlord that you are ex-214, he will produce a visitors' book for you to sign. My visit to the little churchyard and church nearby was tinged with sadness, for here my friend Les Billington is buried. The other members of his crew were taken by relatives and interred elsewhere, and Les's grave alone remains. In a way, in its isolation, it epitomises all the fallen of No 214 Squadron, and especially those who flew out from Oulton never to return. I viewed the Squadron colours, laid up in Ely Cathedral, hoping some day they might be back in service. I recalled the friends I had made whilst producing this history: Bill Wardrop and Cyril Baldwin of World War 1, Darkie Simpson, Geoff Parnell, Geoff Cole, Harold Bidmead and Jock Whitehouse of World War 2, to mention only a few, who did everything possible to help. This journey through time took me back to my own flying days, and to the man under whom we served, Sir Arthur Harris, the controversial wartime leader of Bomber Command. He was maligned and ill-used by politicians and historians at the end of hostilities, being blamed and made scapegoat for the destruction of German cities and the high civilian casualties resulting from the bombings. But 'Butch', a resourceful commander and unashamed advocate of air power and strategic bombing, was revered by the air crews who served under him, and became a cult figure in his own lifetime. I hope posterity will treat him better than did his contemporaries, and that, if ever we go again to war, we will be led by such dedicated and resolute leaders as Sir Arthur proved to be. Friendships I remember Sgt 'Jimmy' James A/G Last night I remembered Of times long gone before, Those warm, sunlit days of my youth; The chilling nights of war. Those boisterous, boozy outings And outrageous escapade. Tension of the briefings, The puerile jokes we made. Suspense before the take-off, Excitement, outward bound; And elation after landing, "Feel good for another round." Last night I remembered My mates who flew on high, Expiring like dying comets, In a darkened German sky. But of those friendships forged in fire The bonds remain strong still, And till death divides us, I'm sure they always will . . . I remember. 214 Squadron Bases and Outline History: Formed July 28, 1917: No 7A Squadron from No 7 Squadron RNAS Re-designated October 12, 1917 as No 14 Squadron RNAS Coudekerque, France July 1917 to March 1918 Alquines, France March 1918 Coudekerque, France March 1918 to June 1918 Became No 214 Squadron RAF, April 1, 1918 St. Inglevert, France June 1918 to October 1918 Quilen, France October 1918 Chemy, France October 1918 to July 1919 Abu Sueir, Egypt September 1919 to February 1920 Disbanded February 1, 1920 Reformed September 16, 1935, from B Flight No 9 (B) Squadron Boscombe Down, Wilts September 1935 to October 1935 Andover, Hants October 1935 to October 1936 Detached to Aldergrove September 1936 Scampton, Lincs October 1936 to April 1937 Feltwell, Norfolk April 1937 to September 1939 Methwold, Norfolk September 1939 to February 1940 Stradishall, Suffolk February 1940 to January 1942 Honington, Suffolk January 1942 Stradishall, Suffolk January 1942 to October 1942 Chedburgh, Suffolk October 1942 to December 1943 Downham Market, Norfolk December 1943 to January 1944 Transferred to No 100 Group. Now known as No 214 (B.S.) Squadron Sculthorpe, Norfolk January 1944 to May 1944 Oulton, Norfolk May 1944 to July 1945 Amendola, Italy July 1945 to August 1945 Ein Shemer, Palestine August 1945 to November 1945 Fayid, Egypt November 1945 to April 1946 Re-numbered 37 Squadron March 15, 1946 Re-formed as No 214 (B) Squadron November 4, 1946 Upwood, Hunts November 1946 to December 1954 Eastleigh, Kenya (Detachment) June 1954 to December 1954 Disbanded after return to Upwood, December 30, 1954 Reformed at Marham, Norfolk January 1956 to February 1965 Luga, Malta (Detachment) September 1956 to December 1956 Marham, Norfolk July 1966 to January 1977 Disbanded January 1977 at Marham Commanding Officers of 214 Squadron: (In ranks then held) Major H.G. Brackley DSO, DSC July 1917 Major W.L. Welsh DSC March 1919 Wing Commander D.F. Lucking September 1935 Wing Commander O.C. Bryson MC, DFC, AM October 1937 Wing Commander W. Sanderson AFC November 1938 Wing Commander F.E. Nuttall February 1940 Wing Commander G.H. Loughnan October 1940 Wing Commander R.B. Jordan DFC March 1941 Wing Commander G.L. Cruikshanks August 1941 Wing Commander R.D.B. Macfadden DFC September 1941 Wing Commander E.J.P. Davy March 1942 Wing Commander K.D. Knocker April 1942 Wing Commander A.H. Smythe DFC, AFC July 1942 Wing Commander M.V.M. Clube March 1943 Wing Commander D.J. McGlinn July 1943 Wing Commander D.D. Rogers August 1944 Wing Commander R.L. Bowes DFC March 1945 Wing Commander E.B.R. Lockwood DSO, MBE July 1945 Wing Commander C.C. Calder DSO, DFC December 1945 Squadron Leader J.H.L. Blount DFC November 1946 Squadron Leader C.M. Clementi OBE May 1947 Squadron Leader A.J.C. Hamilton March 1949 Squadron Leader J. Brain DFC, AFC October 1949 Squadron Leader E.P. Landon DFC January 1952 Squadron Leader K.R. Bowhill November 1953 Wing Commander L.H. Trent VC, DFC February 1956 Wing Commander M.J. Beetham DFC February 1958 Wing Commander P.G. Hill May 1960 Wing Commander K. Smith DFC November 1962 Wing Commander P.B. MacCorkindale December 1964 Wing Commander D. Mullarkey MBE August 1966 Wing Commander C.D. Preece AFC June 1968 Wing Commander J.R. Tucker June 1970 Wing Commander A.G. Skingsley June 1972 Wing Commander D. Parry-Evans July 1974 Wing Commander J.D. Lomas July 1975 Squadron Leader G.W. Moffatt December 1976 Representative Aircraft Flown by 214 Squadron: Handley-Page O/100. Serial 3123. April 1918 Ц June 1918, Handley-Page O/400. Serial C9666. June 1918 Ц Feb. 1920, Virginia X. Serial K2657, Sept. 1935 Ц Jan. 1937, Harrow II, Serial K6988, Jan. 1937 Ц July 1939, Wellington I, IA, IC. Serial L4345, May 1939 Ц April 1942, Wellington II. Serial W5442, June 1941 Ц Jan. 1942, Stirling I & III. Serial BF382, April 1942 Ц Jan. 1944, Fortress II. Serial SR382, Jan. 1944 Ц Nov. 1944, Fortress III. Serial HB800, Nov. 1944 Ц July 1945, Liberator VIII. Serial KH229, July 1945 Ц Dec. 1945, Lancaster I, III. Serial PH281, RE212, Nov.1945 Ц April 1946, Lancaster III. Serial TW882, Nov. 1946 Ц Feb. 1950, Lincoln B2. Serial RE301, Feb. 1950 Ц Dec. 1954, Valiant B1, BK1. Serial XD812, Jan.1956 Ц Feb.1965, Victor K1, K1A. Serial XA938, July 1966 Jan. 1977. German Radar used against 214 Squadron: FLENSBURG: Receiver enabling night fighters to home on Monica. FREYA: Early warning. GIANT WURZBURG: Fighter Control. MAMMUT: Early warning. NAXOS: Receiver for homing onto H2S. JAGDSCHLOSS: Fighter Control. LICHTENSTEIN: Night fighter. WASSERMANN: Early warning. WURZBURG: To direct AA guns and searchlight. 214 Squadron Fortress Electronic Equipment: ABC - AIRBORNE CIGAR. Jamming device to disrupt R/T channels. AIRBORNE GROCER. Jamming device against AI radar - on the 480-500 MHz Band. BIG BEN. A variant of Jostle used against V-2 rockets, but was discontinued when rockets were discovered not to be radio controlled. CARPET. A device to jam Wurtzburg G.C.I. and G.L. radars. GEE A navigational and blind bombing aid which received transmissions from UK based ground stations, each broadcasting a continuous signal. The eauipment measured differences in time taken by the various signals to reach the aircraft, and displayed these differences on a cathode ray tube (CRT), calibrated so that time differences could be read off. The locus of any given time difference, sourced in a given group of ground stations, was a curved line, the geographical location of which could be calculated mathematically and then printed on GEE charts. The result of printing lines of time differences from two widely separated groups of ground stations was a grid. The navigator of an aircraft, seeking to fix its position, would read off time differences from the CRT, one from each of two groups of ground stations, locate these TDs on the GEE chart, and fix his position at their point of intersection. GEE was similar to present day LOTAN, without the built-in computer which now makes it possible to produce TDs as well as latitude and longitude as read-outs, thus by-passing the need for a DRT. GEE worked superbly over the UK and most of its approaches, but was subject to jamming over enemy territory. An attempt was made to overcome the jamming by setting up a series of irregularly timed frequency changes at the transmitters. There was a corresponding frequency changer, operated by the navigator, in the aircraft. The resulting improvement in usefulness over enemy territory was markedly less than dramatic, and on 214, from 1943 on, H2S remained the navigator's number one resource once the enemy coast was crossed on the way to the target. Up to that point, heavy reliance was placed on GEE. H2S. A navigational aid which used a continuous radio transmission from the aircraft. The signal so generated travelled down to the ground, was reflected back and was received by the transmitting aircraft on a rotating scanner antenna mounted in a radome under the nose. The H2S set converted the signal so received into what amounted to a map of the terrain being overflown, and displayed the result on a cathode ray screen. The system gave excellent delineation of bodies of water and large towns or cities. Since the screen was calibrated for bearing and distance, it was a simple matter to transfer that data onto the plotting chart, and thus secure a fix of the aircraft's position. H2S was not subject to jamming and was usable anywhere. It proved to be extremely accurate, and could also be Ц and was Ц used for area bombing through cloud. JOSTLE IV. Very high powered transmitting device, frequency modulated, gave continuous wave jamming of enemy R/T transmissions in the 3-6, 6-12, 12-18, 26-35, 35-45 and 45-54 MHz Bands. MANDREL. Active tail warning device which was later withdrawn from Main Force usage when it was discovered that the enemy was homing onto transmissions with their Flensburg apparatus. PIPERACK. An American development of the Mandrel IV device, was used against radar operating in the 95-210 MHz Band. TINSEL. A microphone, located in an engine nacelle, connected to a T1154 transmitter. The German-speaking operator using this set would search for enemy signals and when a German channel was located turned the T1154 on to its frequency which cluttered the signal with engine noise. WINDOW. Metalised strips used to disrupt Freya, Sectakt and Wurtzburg radars. Used by bomber aircraft from August, 1943, until the end of the war. Probably the most effective counter measure produced by the R.A.F. in World War 2. Glossary of terms and abbreviations: AA or Ack Ack Anti-aircraft fire. A/B Bomb aimer. ABC Airborne Cigar. Countermeasures equipment used by 214. AC1 Aircraftsman first class. AC2 Aircraftsman second class. AEO Air Electronics Officer. A/G Air Gunner. AGS Air Gunnery School. AI Night fighter radar, airborne interception. Air screw Propeller. Aldis lamp Manually operated electric signal light with a narrow viewing arc. AM Air Mechanic. AOC Air Officer Commanding. AOP Air Observation Post. AP Air publication. Astrograph Navigational aid for quick plotting of star observations. ASI Air Speed Indicator. ATC Air traffic control. BAT Blind Approach Training flight. BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation. Brisfit Bristol Fighter. BSAA British South American Airways. Bulls Eye A night-flying exercise, usually within the confines of the British Isles, flown over defended areas to give the aircrews simulated operational experience and to keep ground defences on the alert. Chippies Carpenters. Chore Horses Aircraft battery charging generators. CO Commanding Officer. Coned Illuminated by a group of searchlights, usually operating in concert with radar-controlled master searchlight and battery of heavy-flak guns. Cooper Bombs Small 25 lb bombs. DFC Distinguished Flying Cross. DFM Distinguished Flying Medal. DI Daily Inspection. Drift Angle between heading of aircraft and its track made good over ground. DSO Distinguished Service Order. EAF Egyptian Air Force. El Electrician. El2 Electrician Grade 2. Elsan Chemical toilet carried on RAF bombers. ENSA Entertainment, Soldiers & Airmen. Erks Aircraftsmen. ETA Estimated time of arrival. FE FE 2B built by Royal Aircraft Factory, (pusher biplane). FE Flight engineer. FIDO Fog dispersal equipment. Flak German anti-aircraft fire. Flack Alley The Freisian Islands. Fl/Cdr Flight Commander. F/Lt Flight Lieutenant. F/O Flying Officer. FMS Federated Malay States, sponsors of No 214 Squadron from 1941. F/S/Lt Flight Sub-Lieutenant. G One G equals the force of gravity. Gardening Mine laying. Gash jobs Jobs outside one's normal duties. G/Cpt Group Captain. GCI Ground Control Instruction radar. Gee British electronic navigational aid. George Automatic pilot. GH Radar device used for high accuracy bombing or target marking. GL W№rzburg GL, German radar. Gooly chitted Supplied with a chit, or letter, printed in this case in Arabic, offering a reward to be given for the return of the carrier in one piece.Chits were carried by all airmen operating on the North West frontier of India where the natives had a nasty habit of castrating their captives. Groupie Group Captain. Happy Valley The Ruhr. HE High explosive bomb. WW2 loads usually included HEs and incendiaries. H Hour Time at which the first target indicators are planned to be dropped. H2S Airborne British radar used as a navigational and target identification aid. IAM Air Mechanic First Class. IE In Establishment. ILM. Leading Mechanic First Class. IO Intelligence Officer. IR In Reserve. Jinking Continuous alteration of course and height, intended to prevent night fighters and flak guns from taking effective aim, and searchlights from achieving a cone on an aircraft. J/T Junior technician. Kammhuber Line Radar control line which ran from Norway to the Swiss frontier, named for General Joseph Kammhuber, commander of theGerman night fighter force. The line was rendered obsolete by the saturation bombing techniques of mid-1942. Kite Balloon Barrage balloon to stop low-flying aircraft. Ladder plan Change from Stirlings to Lancs, squadron by squadron, in 3 Gp. LMF Lack of moral fibre. Makey-learn First operational flight for a crew inexperienced in combat. Master Bomber A Pathfinder Force pilot who, with his crew, remained in the target area throughout a raid for the purpose of controlling and co-ordinating the bomber attack. Mayday Radio request for assistance in a life-threatening situation. MBE Member of the British Empire (military division), similar to AFM. Decoration given F/S Hall was for rescuing one of his crew from the sea. Me 109 German single-engine fighter Ц Messerschmitt. Mess Combination lounge, bar and dining hall. Mk Mark, or model. MO Medical Officer. MOPA Military objectives previously attacked. M/T Motor transport. MU Maintenance unit. NAAFI Navy, Army & Air Force Institute. NCO Non-commissioned officer. Nissen hut Prefab one-storey billet. NSB A bombing aid. Observer Crewman qualified as navigator, gunner and bombaimer. PE set Aircraft battery charging generator. Peri-track Perimeter track. Road connecting runway ends, used to taxi aircraft between dispersal and end of the runway in use. PFF Pathfinder Force. P/O Pilot Officer. Port Left hand side of an aircraft when facing forward. POW Prisoner of war. PR Photo reconnaissance. QDM Radio bearing of aircraft from known ground position, in degrees magnetic. RAFVR Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Razzle A type of British incendiary bomb. RCM Radio Countermeasures Recce Reconnaissance. RNAS Royal Naval Air Service. Ropey Poor quality. R/T Voice transmission by radio. Salmon and Gluckstein German battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. SBA Standard Beam Approach. Blind flying system for making a pre-landing approach to an airfield. Screen To take a crew off operations. Scrubbed Cancelled. SDO Special Duties Operator. Shadow Factory Converted factory, e.g. car plant producing Lancaster airframes. SHQ Station Headquarters. SIMOR Self-illuminating military objectives in the Ruhr. SN High explosive bomb designation. First large WW I bombs were 1650 lbs. SP Service Police. Sprogs Inexperienced service personnel. Starboard Right hand side of an aircraft when facing forward. Stirrup pump Hand pump with stirrup-shaped base held down by the foot. SWO Station Warrant Officer. TAF Tactical Air Force. TI Target indicator, dropped by Pathfinder Force, to mark a target and serve as the aiming point for main force aircraft. U/S Unserviceable. Not working. U/T Under training. Vegetables Mines. Verey lights Pistol-fired flares. VR Volunteer reserve. WAAF Women's Auxiliary Air Force. Walrus Amphibious single-engine aircraft used for air/sea rescue work. W/Cdr Wing Commander. Wimpey Vickers Wellington twin-engine bomber used by the RAF. Window Metalized strips dropped from an aircraft to trigger a response on German radar to create the illusion of the presence of a bomber force, or to swamp German radar screens rendering them useless. Wingco Wing Commander W/O Warrant Officer. Wop/AG Wireless operator Ц air gunner. W/T Signal transmission by radio. WVS Women's Voluntary Service. 214 Squadron Decorations and Awards: 1917 Ц 1918 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS Flt Cmdr C.H. Darley Lt W.A. Scott, Lt B.A. Millson Lt V.R. Gibbs Lt V.E. Sieveking. BAR TO DIST. SERVICE CROSS Flt Cmdr C.H. Darley Lt V.E. Sieveking. DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS Cpt T.Q. Studd Cpt H.E. Clark Lt H.R.W. Ellison Cpt G.H. Russell Cpt E.F. McIlraith Cpt T.A. Batchelor 2/Lt J. McK. Young Cpt C.H. Darley. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL 2/Lt J. McK. Young AC AG/L E.A.Barber AC AG/L G. Conley P/O AG/L A. Clark P/O W.S. Burville P/O C.E. Roust. DISTINGUISHED FLYING MEDAL Sgt Obs L.A. Dell Sgt Obs A.A. Parker Sgt Obs W.E. Wardrop. MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDAL Chf Mech W.S. Burville Chf Mech H. Cadman Sgt E.H. Davey Cpl Obs E.A.Barber. MEMBER OF BRITISH EMPIRE (Military Division) 2/Lt T. Willis. MENTION IN DESPATCHES Major Brackley DSO, DSC Cpt C.T. Tyrer 2/Lt T. Willis Lt W.S.B. Freer Lt G.S. Lewtas Sgt F.B. Clark Sgt R.H. Powell Sgt O.H. Burley Sgt J. Parry Sgt J.A. Helsden Sgt Obs T.F.Whittaker Chf Mech J.R. Strachan. FOREIGN DECORATION Croix de Guerre Avec Palme Major H.G. Brackley DSO, DFC Lt G.S. Lewtas. 1939 - 1945 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER Ercolani A/F/Lt L.B. January 6, 1942 Nixey F/Lt P. May 8, 1942 Smythe A/S/Ldr A.H. May 15, 1943 Roll of Honour 1939Ц1945 The following members of No. 214 (Federated Malay States) Squadron lost their lives while on active service with the Squadron, 1939-45. 1939 Nov 6, 1939: Wellington L4345 P/O J. Lingwood, A/C Matthews. Dec 13, 1939: Wellington R2699 P/Os Colmer, Russell-Forbes, LAC Warriner. 1940 June 6, 1940: Wellington N2993 F/O J.F. Nicholson, Sgts P.F. Kay, F.A. Revell, A.O.F. O'Driscoll, B. Raper, LAC M. Pelling. August 30, 1940: target Berlin, Wellington P2559 F/Os L.M. Craigie-Halkett, W.B.S. Cunnyghame, Sgts G.N.Bainbridge, S.J. Haldane, A.B. Puzey, G.E.Merryweather. September 27, 1940: target Mannheim, Wellington L7843 Sgt J.R. Hall, P/O J. Rea, Sgt H.E. Sambrooke. October 11, 1940: Wellington L7840 P/O Rafter, Sgts Hunt RNZAF, C. Helliwell, R. Eastment. November 5, 1940: target Hamburg, Wellington T2470 Sgts G.E. Turner, S.A. Wormald, C. McCulloch, T.H. Sansum, A.W. Hay, E. Keeney. November 23, 1940: target Berlin, Wellington R3208 Sgt S.C. Chester, P/O E.R.M. Pears, Sgts H.W. Brooke, R.C.Bishop, A.E. Taylor, A. Hyam. December 7, 1940: target Dusseldorf, Wellington T2476 F/O D.A. Dadswell, Sgts F.T. Buckingham, C.D. Powrie, W.H. James, J.C. Macaskie, E.C. Lee. December 7, 1940: target Dusseldorf, Wellington R3209 F/Lt W.A. Harris, Sgts A.A. Wooding, W.D. Ingrams, A.A. Ashman, R.F. Stacey, P.J. White. December 28, 1940: target LeHavre, Wellington L7849 Sgts Jenkins, Hodgson, and Huxtable. 1941 March 13, 1941: target Hamburg, Wellington N2746 Sgts A.G. Elder, V.L. Bagley, S.O.L. Glazer, J.L. Tomkinson, G.C. Daniel. April 7, 1941: target Kiel, Wellington R1380 Sgts R.A. Williams RNZAF, K. Manson, H.R. Easton, R.A. Chatfield, R.C. Plummer, C.H.R. Mercer. April 8, 1941: target Kiel, Wellington T1542 Sgts J.P. Cusworth, J.C. Cattell, R.Brown, D.C. Rowland, A.J. McHardy, C.M. Hitchcock. May 8, 1941: target Hamburg, Wellington R3208 Sgts W.H. Browell, A.W. Dean, J.L. Smith, R.J. Bennett, W.J.S. McGregor, M.G. Robertson. May 8, 1941, target Hamburg, Wellington R1226 S/Ldr F.L.H. Eddison DFC, P/O N.M.K. Kircaldie, Sgts J. Holt, K. Tait, A.F. Wilson, C.Paton. May 11, 1941: target Hamburg, Wellington R1462 P/O J.G. Toplis, Sgts P.R.K. Burley, A.W. Gibson, H.W.J. Barr, A. Livesey, T.W. James. June 24, 1941: target Emden, Wellington R1609 P/O J.D. Forrest, Sgts J.T. Hunt, J.C.E. Black, K.J. Barton, G.A.D. Cotton, G.T. Jones. July 7, 1941: target Cologne, Wellington T2992 F/O R.M.P. Jenkyns, P/Os J. McAnnally, D.N.R. Armstrong, Sgts E.H. King, A. Evans. July 14, 1941, target Bremen, Wellington R1613 P/O J.C. Jenkins, Sgt R. Kent. July 14, 1941, target Bremen, Wellington R1614 P/O V.K. Brown, Sgts M.R. Collins, J. Taylor, J.S. Else, R.D. Hull, F/Sgt W.G. Lewis. August 6, 1941: target Mannheim, Wellington X9750 P/O C.M. Didsbury RNZAF, Sgt W.J.V. Crowsley, P/O G.D.E. Stack RCAF, Sgts R.G. Burnett, E.J. Page, N.E. Mills. August 29, 1941: target Mannheim, Wellington R1604 Sgts Foxlee, Williamson, Jerrard, Klusky, Halestrap, Morris. September 2, 1941: target Frankfurt, Wellington R1717 F/Lt R.H. May, Sgts C. Hambleton, J.P. McKay, L.W. Price, L. Black, C.J. Brakeman. September 7, 1941: target Berlin, Wellington R1784 W/Cdr G.L. Cruickshanks, S/Ldr W. Davies, F/Lt K.J. Falconer DFC, P/O W. Esplen, Sgts A.N. Page, L.T. Chapman. September 20, 1941: target Berlin, Wellington W5452 Sgt Kissack, P/Os Abrey, J. Rushton RCAF, Sgts Aitken, Green. October 13, 1941: target Nuremburg, Wellington X9762 Sgt C.W. Heathman. November 26, 1941: target Emden, Wellington Z8373 Sgts N.G. Hettrick, M.A. Weaver, P/O A.D. Moore, Sgts C.D.Cooling, G.L. Hall, H.J. Cooper. November 26, 1941: target Emden, Wellington Z8953 Sgts M.J. Fitzgerald, J.R. Boland, I.A. Flower, G.J.W. Fleming, R.W. Ebsworth, H.L. Loveday. November 29, 1941: Wellington X9752 Sgt Miller, P/O Barford, Sgts Southall, Walton, Quinn. 1942 January 15, 1942: target Hamburg, Wellington R1750 Sgts E.E. Hale, G.J. Peck, P/O H.J. Woodrow, Sgts J.B. Myers, W.J. Elder, A.L. Lax. January 28, 1942: target Munster, Wellington X9890 P/O G.H. Webster, Sgts F.A. Tait, C.J. Irwin, P.G. Milton, F.G. Truscott, G.M. Robinson. February 12, 1942: target Scharnhorst, Wellington Z1081 W/Cdr R.D.B. McFadden DFC, S/Ldr M.T. Stephens DFC, F/Lt P.R. Hughes DFC, Sgts A.P. Everett, G.I. Taylor, P/O J. Wood. March 26, 1942: target Essen, Wellington Z1143 P/O E.W.C. Creed, Sgts W.W.R. Norton, W.I. Christsen, A.F.M. Emms, J.R. Payne, Cpt A.P. Mair (Army) seconded. April 1, 1942: target Hanau rail targets, Wellington Z1156 Sgts A.A. Ferguson, W.R. West, V.P.W. Wheaton, D.O. George, H. Chilvers, N. Ramsbottom. April 1, 1942: target Hanau, Wellington Z8842 F/Lt E.D.Baker DFC, F/Sgt E.H. Erby, Sgt V.L.Stephens,F/Sgt S.S.Dawes,Sgts E.G.W. Shotter,G.E.Newman. April 1, 1942: target Hanau, Wellington Z8805 Sgt E. Dixon, P/O T. Best, Sgt A.G. Richards, P/O J.M. Henderson, Sgts E.K.Stevens, E.T. Albrighton. April 1, 1942: target Hanau, Wellington X9979 P/O J.H.A. Baker, Sgt D.A.S. Hamilton RNZAF, F/Sgts A.R. Vint, T. Flanagan, R.J.A.Trevillian, Cpt H.G. Tingel (Army) , seconded. April 1, 1942: target Hanau, Wellington Z8979 P/O R.W.S. Hayes, Sgts N.G. Hickey, G.T. Jackson, I.L. Eagleton, R. Kitney, F/Sgt J. Nash. April 1, 1942: target Hanau, Wellington A1789 Sgts S. Burtwell, A.E. Rees, K.H. Tibbatts, P. Wood, J.C. Dunn, H. Downs. April 1, 1942: target Hanau, Wellington Z1052 F/Sgt W.D. Page, Sgts H. Mitchell, J. Murphy, S. Perry, R.A. Platt. April 10, 1942: target Essen, Wellington HF856 P/O J.W. Murray, F/Sgt H.A. Neal, Sgts C.W. Penny, F. Bonser, D. Smith, Cpt H.M. Butterworth (Army) seconded. April 14, 1942: target Dortmund, Wellington Z1148 Sgts R.M. Lawrence, B.O. Gates, P/O R.B. Halliday, Sgts E. Mason, D.H.M. Jacques, S. Cox. April 15, 1942: target Dortmund, Wellington Z8951 P/Os L.M. Leach, H.A. Shortt, Sgts J. Ward, G.M.C. Turner, P.E. Heppenstall, V.E. Egan. April 28, 1942: target Kiel, Wellington X3176 Sgts G.K. Sampson, L.R. Silver, R.K. Ayres, H.R. Harrison, K.W. Stevens, A.W. Mount. May 30, 1942: target Cologne, Stirling W7534 P/Os H. Dent, S.S. Dimond, W.Davies,Sgts C.H.Muir,R.S.Cruise,G.C.Bunning,P.G.McGrath,J.H.Munday. June 3, 1942: target Bremen, Stirling W7537 Sgt R.J. Finch, W/O W. Wall, Sgts E. Doherty, S.E. Saunders, J.H. Spinks. June 6, 1942: target Emden, Stirling N3761 F/Lts N. Harrison, R.W.A. Turtle, P/Os L.Treppass, Sgt A.R.Scott, J.B.Holdsworth, E.M. Marks, B.P. Cardinal, F/Sgt W. Barham, June 16, 1942: Sgt R.W. Wilson. June 19, 1942: target Osnabruck, Stirling N3762 A/S/Ldr P. Nixey DSO, Sgts D.A. Melville, W.E. Pearson, J.H. Bailey, A. Buckley. June 25, 1942: target St. Nazaire, Stirling DS973 F/Sgt Craig, Sgts Brothers, Shrimpton, Barker, Mugford, Brown. June 27, 1942: target Bremen, Stirling N3752 Sgt Sewell. July 2, 1942: target Bremen, Stirling BF313 W/Cdr K.D. Knocker, P/O D. Malofie, Sgts R. Fairhurst, E.G. Wilson, T.E.L. Palmer, J.W.C. Underwood, P.F. Inmann, R.H. Ritchie. July 23, 1942: target Duisburg, Stirling W7567 P/O J.D. Peel, Sgts E.H. Cooper, F.A.W. Thorne, D.F. Dobson, P.J. Wither, J.B. Fleming. August 17, 1942: target Osnabruck, Stirling BF330 P/O K.D. Symes, Sgts A Fleming, W.H.Jones, S.Gill, G.W. Pickworth, A.S. Dewar, R. Kerry. August 27, 1942: target Nuremburg, Stirling R9155 F/O A.R.Skone, Sgts C. Lyle, W.J. Bushell, J. King, R.R. Gray, P/O R.H.Dunckley, F/Sgt R.A. Colehan. September 4, 1942: target Bremen, Stirling BF337 P/O A. McCarthy, Sgts E. Meredith, I.M.R. Stewart. September 13, 1942: target Bremen, Stirling R9166 Sgts R.Dicks, R.F. Reynolds, S. Watson, F/Sgt R.J. Cartmell, Sgts H.E. Orr, J.G. Spouler. September 16, 1942: target Essen, Stirling R9350 W/O S.A. Levenson, F/Sgt S.S. Newcombe, Sgts G.B. Melton, W.J. Davies, L.C. Tillin. September 19, 1942: target Munich, Stirling R9356 P/O C.J. Whittingham, Sgts J. Holland, C.L. Hanna, R.T. Collett. October 13, 1942: target Kiel, Stirling BK599 Sgts R.W. Davison, R. Dempsey, S.A. Miller, G.F.J. Phalempin, G.D. Murray. October 15, 1942: target Koln 'a', Stirling R9146 P/O J.M. Paape, Sgts M.F. Meadows, J. Holmes, R.G. Brasnett, J.G. Ferris, H. Hancocks, K.P. Stibbs. November 21, 1942: target Turin, Stirling W7584 F/Sgt Corlett. November 28, 1942: target Turin, Stirling R9194 Sgts A.G. Short, H.A. Harris, J. Stammers. December 12, 1942: Sgt N.F. Ventham. 1943 January 15, 1943: target Lorient, Stirling W7637 S/Ldr P.W.M.Carlyon, F/O D.K.O'Donnell, Sgts C.E.C.Ranson,L.Carr,M.J.L.Kemp,J.N.Peck, P/O P.F. Pinder. February 3, 1943: target Hamburg, Stirling R9282 S/Ldr W. Clarke, Sgts G.E. Johnson, J.A. Lawson, J.C. Adam. February 3, 1943: target Hamburg, Stirling R9197 P/Os D.H. Smith, D.G. DeGaris, F/O J.I. Mackenzie, Sgts R.F. Evans, W.O. Powell, W.M. Murdoch, D.O'Neill, A.H. Thiesson. February 18, 1943: mining, Stirling R9163 Sgt J.R. Rundle. March 1, 1943: Berlin, Stirling R9145 F/O B.F.R. Hotson. March 3, 1943: target Hamburg, Stirling EF329 P/O C.W.V. Pepper (USA), Sgts F. Fecce, J.N. Unsworth, R.S. Allen, A.V.G. Cridge, J.W. Rider. March 5, 1943: target Essen, Stirling BK662 Sgts H.W. Baldock, P.R. Kimber, E.A. Wright, W.H. Trotter, P/O T.H. Etienne, Sgts W.Taylor, A.B. Amirault. March 11, 1943: target Stuttgart, Stirling BF469 P/O A. Carruthers, Sgts E. Parker, E.L. Eaglen, B. Carnell, P.P. Oakes, B.R. Jennings. March 27, 1943: target Berlin, Stirling BF453 P/O E. Challis, Sgts R. Anderson, R.G. Martin, E. Greenhalgh, C.K. Phin, S.A. Woodrow, D.J. Rae. March 29, 1943: target Berlin, Stirling EF362 F/O Cooper. March 29, 1943: mining, Stirling BK663 Sgt Burt. April 4, 1943: target Kiel, Stirling W7621 Sgts K.R. Burton DFM, D.H.J. Cash, J.H. Strathern, A.J. Gordon, H.M. Parsons, E. McGloin, J. Broderick. April 11, 1943: mining, Stirling BK612 F/Sgts D.A. Davies, L. Copley, Sgts J.B. Woods, A.C. Wade, D.O. Dawson, T.F. Richardson, A.Bowers. April 14, 1943: target Stuttgart, Stirling EF331, Sgt L. Powell, P/O E.H. Scott, Sgts T. Shepherd, H.C. Dent, R.E. Dutton, J.W. Williams, E.H. Ingram. April 16, 1943: target Mannheim, Stirling BK65 Sgt E.M. Lee. April 20, 1943: target Rostock, Stirling BK800 Sgt B. Olroyd. May 12, 1943: target Duisburg, Stirling BF381 P/Os H. Broadbent, H. Catch, Sgts S.F. Dean, W.F.H. Hards, N. Douglas, W. Duthie, J.A. Brown. May 13, 1943: target Bochum, Stirling R9242 Sgts R.M. Gibbney, F.D. Stannard, L. Leake, S.R. Tinkler. May 23, 1943: target Dortmund, Stirling BF478 Sgts J.W. Evans, Z. Goldfinger, V.N. Walker, H. Ward, R.C. Child, R.V. Street, E.D. Ager. May 23, 1943: target Dortmund, Stirling BF528 Sgts J.K. Wilkins, L. Freeman. May 23, 1943: target Dortmund, Stirling MZ261 Sgt J.J. Egan, P/O P.H. Liddle, Sgts L. Martin, D.E. Alford, V.H. Archer, J. Dodd, F.J. North. May 25, 1943: target Dusseldorf, Stirling BK659 Sgts R.A. Kerr, B.M. Jubb, R.S. Blake, P/O R.Paisley, Sgts D. Littlewood, G.T. Davies, F.H.E. Pooley. June 22, 1943: target Mulheim, Stirling EH882 F/Lt W.J. Hein, F/Sgt R. McNeill, Sgts K.S. Gillard, M. Phillips. June 24, 1943: target Wuppertal, Stirling EE883 Sgts C.K. Miller, P.D. Straton, R.A.H. Smith, R.G. Akers, S. Seward, T. Jones, J.A. Hitchens. June 25, 1943: target G'Kirchen, Stirling BK767 Sgt B.H. Church, P/O J.F. Tritton, Sgts W.T. Davis, F. Mills, W.H. Thompson. July 3, 1943: mining, Stirling EE882 Sgts R.G. Armsworth, F.E. Pilkington, R. Mailey, H.A. Clark, A.L. Warren, F.W. Morrell, A.R. Dixon. July 3, 1943: target Cologne, Stirling BK717 Sgts R.E. Thallon, J.K. Paterson, J. Sellers, G.E. Patrick, F.D. Field, P.D. White. July 24, 1943: target Hamburg, Stirling EE902 P/O R.W. Belshaw DFM, Sgts L.F. Morris, E.J. Crow, G.L. Gibbs, J. Barnes, L.T. Sowerby. July 25, 1943: target Essen, Stirling BK686 F/Os J.S. Clements, J.H. Davie, P/O D.M. Weddell, F/Sgt G.B. Fielder, Sgt E.N. Bird, P/O G.F. McCleary, Sgts H. Owen, S.J.Greer. July 29, 1943: target Hamburg, Stirling EF407 P.Os H.P. Shann, T. Sandham, SgtJ.N.T.Chandler,F/Sgt B.Hyman,Sgts C.B.Brown,A.E.Newman,T.G.Lewis. August 2, 1943: target Hamburg, Stirling EF409 Sgts C.D. Curtis, A.S. Biffin, C.D. Loveridge, J.J. Evans, J.P. Taylor. August 10, 1943: target Nuremburg, Stirling BF516 Sgts E.R.Smith, K.R.Buckle. August 12, 1943: target Turin, Stirling EF390 P/O F.J.Matthews, F/Sgt A.F. Rose, Sgt K.J. Cork, F/O F.W. Holland, Sgt H.G. Ott, F/Sgt A.D. Harris, Sgt J.G. Knight. August 31, 1943: target Berlin, Stirling EE970 F/Sgt K.J. Simpson RAAF, Sgt D. C. Houghton. August 31, 1943: target Berlin, Stirling EE959 Sgt W. A. King, P/O H. G. P. Mounsey, Sgts L. C. Gale, M. Butler. August 31, 1943: target Berlin, Stirling EF401 F/Sgt R.C. Chislett, Sgts A. A. Poulton, A. Cowan, S. H. Hopkins. September 22, 1943: target Hanover, Stirling EF393 F/Sgt H.E. Hall BEM, P/O R.H. Nelson, Sgts Thomas, J.L. Morgan, D.L. Dean. September 22, 1943: target Hanover, Stirling R9258 F/Sgt G. Heath, Sgts H.R. Wynn, S.H. Weakner, R.A. Metcalfe, L.H.V. Wiles, R.S. Bayley, R.G. James. November 22, 1943: target Berlin, Stirling EF445 F/Sgt C.A. Atkinson, Sgt W.Sweeney. 1944 May 24, 1944: target Antwerp, Fortress SR384 P/O A.J.N. Hockley RAAF, Sgt R.G.V. Simpson. June 21, 1944: patrol, Fortress SR382 P/O J.D. Cassan, F/Sgts A. Sharpe, D. Orr, Sgts N.W.S. Abbott, T.S. Sparks, S.H. Bryant. August 25, 1944: patrol, Fortress HB763 Sgts G.J.J.Caulfield, G. Boag DFM, D. Williamson, A.J. McNamara. September 12, 1944: patrol, Fortress HB802 F/Lt P.R.C. Filleul, P/O R.L. Dodds, F/O K.B. Dack, Sgts G.H. Benson, T.H. Billington, R. Birkby, P.J. Wilson, J.P. Hanet. November 6, 1944: patrol, Fortress HB788 F/O J.M.S. Jackson, P/Os W.D. Hardie, W.D. Harding, F/Sgt H.C. Pollard, Sgt N.V. Madgwick, F/Sgt R.C. Bartlett, Sgts E.G. Kelly, K.J. Fletcher, W/Os R.D. Picciano, K.M. Bright. November 16, 1944: patrol F/Sgt C.J. Ashworth RNZAF, P/O A.H. Leitch RCAF, Sgts C.C. Ogilvie, P.E. Durman, G.L. Hislop, W.A. McLaren, R.E. Mooney, F/SgtsA.McLauchlin RNZAF,E.R.Armstrong RNZAF,T.F.McCormick RNZAF. 1945 January 16, 1945: target Brux, Fortress KJ103 F/O T.V. McKee. February 7, 1945: target Ladbergen, Fortress KJ10 F/O E.G. Paddick. February 8, 1945: patrol, Fortress HB796 P/O J.P. Robertson RNZAF, F/Sgt P.G. Buckland, W/O L.J. Bennett, RNZAF, F/Sgt F.R. Olds RNZAF, Sgts W.T. Banner, W. Bunyan, T.W.H. Usher, R.J. Carrott, E. Dobson, G.S.M. Fowler RAAF. February 24, 1945: patrol, Fortress HB805 F/O J.M. Shortle DFM, F/Lt L.G. Fowler DFC, W/Os F.H.Dix RNZAF, R.W.Towell, P/O K.C. Allan, F/Os A.M. Jones DFM, F.R. Woodger, Sgt T.W.J. Pollard, F/Sgt S.L. Jones. March 3, 1945: patrol F/O H. Bennett, DFC, Sgts H. Barnfield, P.J. Healy, F/Sgts F. Hares DFM, W. Briddon, Sgt L.E. Billington, F/Sgt L.A. Hadder, W/O J.L. Odgers RAAF. March 7, 1945: target Harburg, Fortress KJ106 F/O G. Stewart RNZAF, Sgt H.M. McClymont, F/Sgts J.W.Winstone RNZAF, H.L. Henderson RCAF, F/O N. Peters RCAF. March 14, 1945: target Leipzig, Fortress HB799 F/Os G. Hall, H. Frost, F/Lt S. Matthews, F/Sgt E.A. Percival, F/O J.W. Vinall. March 15, 1945: target Misburg, Fortress HB803 W/O M.C.White, F/O J.E. Cryer. March 20, 1945: target Bohlen, Fortress HB785 F/O R.V. Kingdon RCAF, F/Sgts W.A. Routledge RCAF, D.F. Miller, W/O J.W. Pellant RCAF, F/Sgt H.M. Carter RCAF, W/O R.G. Wilson RCAF, Sgts W.D. Dale, W. Perkins, A. Parker, F/O D.N. Donald RCAF. March 21, 1945: target Hamburg, Fortress KJ112 F/Lt W.D. Allies, F/Os B.F. Kerr DFM, S.H.G.Sinclair, P/O W.J.Cunningham, F/Sgt G.R.W. Braithwaite, W/O N. Cooper, Sgts P. Newman, McFarlane, R. Jones, E.L. Punnett. Bibliography: Aders, G. - History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917-1945, Janes 1979. Air Ministry - The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force. H.M.S.O. 1948. Barker, R - The Thousand Plan. Chatto & Windrus 1965. Barnes, C.H. - Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. Putnam 1976. Brackley, F.H. - Brackles, Memoirs of a Pioneer of Civil Aviation. W & S Mackay 1952. Brooks, A. - V Force. Janes 1982. Gomersall, B. - The Stirling File. Air Britain. Harris, Sir A. - Bomber Offensive. Collins 1947. Middlebrook, M. - The Battle of Hamburg. Allen Lane 1980. Middlebrook, M. - The Peenemunde Raid. Allen Lane 1982. Moyes, P.J.R. - Bomber Squadrons of the R.A.F. and Their Aircraft. MacDonald & Janes 1976. Peden, M. - A Thousand Shall Fall. Canada's Wings 1979. Price, A. - Aircraft Versus Submarine. Janes 1980. Price, A. - Instruments of Darkness. MacDonald & Janes 1977. Russell, Lord - The Scourge of the Swastika. Cassell 1955. Ryan, C. - A Bridge Too Far. Hamish Hamilton 1974. Saunders, H. St George - Royal Air Force 1939-1945. H.M.S.O. 1954. Saunders, H. St George - The Red Beret. Michael Josephs 1950. Streetly, M. - Confound and Destroy. MacDonald & Janes 1978. Webster, G. & Frankland, N. - The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939-1945. H.M.S.O. 1961. Journals and Periodicals: Cross & Cockade Journal - Aero Historians. Intercom Magazine - Aircrew Association. Fly Past Magazine The Turret Magazine - Air Gunners Association. No.14 Sqdn R.N.A.S. and No.214 Sqdn 1914-1918. Assoc Handbook 1945. 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